In recent years, the rapid development of wireless communications, cloud-edge computing, and artificial intelligence (AI) has driven the transformation of smart cities, enabling more efficient, adaptive, and responsive urban systems. The deployment of 5G/6G networks and multi-access technologies has significantly enhanced the Quality of Service and Quality of Experience for urban communication networks, providing a robust foundation for the next generation of intelligent cities. The deep integration of AI and intelligent networking technologies allows smart cities to dynamically respond to complex challenges, improve public services, and optimize resource allocation in real-time.

The rise of Large Language Models and Generative AI enables natural language understanding and automated decision-making, enhancing citizen engagement and service delivery. AI-driven algorithms support real-time traffic management, environmental monitoring, and emergency response, making cities more resilient and adaptive. The application of multi-agent reinforcement learning and federated learning enables decentralized decision-making, allowing intelligent systems to coordinate and adapt to dynamic urban environments without relying on centralized control.

The development of edge AI enhances the responsiveness of smart city infrastructure. Smart transportation systems, autonomous vehicles, and smart building management systems benefit from real-time analysis and adaptive control enabled by low-latency 5G/6G networks and AI-powered decision-making models. AI-based predictive maintenance and automated fault detection further improve the reliability and efficiency of urban infrastructure.

The emergence of 6G networks introduces integrated sensing, communication, and AI capabilities, enabling context-aware and real-time service provisioning. The fusion of AI with blockchain technology ensures the security, transparency, and integrity of urban data transactions, enhancing trust in smart city ecosystems. The application of digital twins allows real-time simulation and optimization of city infrastructure, improving urban planning and resource management.